Method and system for using sound related vehicle information to enhance spoken dialogue by modifying dialogue&#39;s prompt pitch

ABSTRACT

Sound related vehicle information representing one or more sounds may be received in the processor. The sound related vehicle information may or may not include an audio signal. Spoken dialog of a spoken dialog system associated with the vehicle based on the sound related vehicle information may be modified. The said modification comprises of modifying pitch, pace and timing of audio prompts associated with the said spoken dialog based on the sound related vehicle information.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to enhancing vehicle spoken dialogueusing, for example, a combination of sound related vehicle information,signal processing, and other operations or information.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many vehicles are equipped with spoken dialog, voice activated, or voicecontrolled vehicle systems. Spoken dialog systems may perform functions,provide information, and/or provide responses based on verbal commands.A spoken dialog system may process or convert sounds (e.g., speechproduced by a vehicle occupant) from a microphone into an audio signal.Speech recognition may be applied to the audio signal, and theidentified speech may be processed by a semantic interpreter. Based onthe interpretation of the verbal command, a system such as a dialoguecontrol system may perform an action, generate a response, or performother functions. A response may, for example, be in the form of a visualsignal, audio signal, text to speech signal, action taken by a vehiclesystem, or other notification to vehicle occupants.

The clarity and decipherability of voice commands may affect thefunction of a voice activated vehicle system. A microphone may often,however, receive a signal with speech and non-speech related soundsreducing the clarity of voice commands. Non-speech related sounds mayinclude vehicle related noises (e.g., engine noise, cooling systemnoise, etc.), non-vehicle related noise (e.g., noises from outside thevehicle), audio system sounds (e.g., music, radio related sounds), andother sounds. The non-speech related sounds may often be louder than,overpower, and/or distort speech commands. As a result, a speechrecognition system or method may not function properly if non-speechrelated sounds distort speech commands. Similarly, the accuracy ofsystem such as a dialogue control system in generating responses tospeech commands may be reduced by non-speech related sounds. Non-speechrelated sounds may, for example, distort or overpower text to speechresponses, audio, and other signals output from a spoken dialogue systemand/or other systems. Thus, a system or method to enhance speechrecognition, dialogue control, and/or speech prompting systems based onsound or acoustic related vehicle information is needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Sound related vehicle information representing one or more sounds may bereceived in the processor. The sound related vehicle information may ormay not include an audio signal. Spoken dialogue of a spoken dialoguesystem associated with the vehicle based on the sound related vehicleinformation may be modified.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed outand distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification.The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation,together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best beunderstood by reference to the following detailed description when readwith the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of vehicle with an automatic speechrecognition system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an automatic speech recognitionsystem according to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a spoken dialogue system according toembodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an automatic speech recognition systemaccording to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a spoken dialogue prompting systemaccording to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a spoken dialogue system according toembodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration,elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale.For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggeratedrelative to other elements for clarity. Further, where consideredappropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures toindicate corresponding or analogous elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of theinvention. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill inthe art that the embodiments of the present invention may be practicedwithout these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods,procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detailso as not to obscure the present invention.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the followingdiscussions, throughout the specification discussions utilizing termssuch as “processing”, “computing”, “storing”, “determining”, or thelike, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer or computingsystem, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and/ortransforms data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantitieswithin the computing system's registers and/or memories into other datasimilarly represented as physical quantities within the computingsystem's memories, registers or other such information storage,transmission or display devices.

Embodiments of the present invention may use sound related vehicleinformation (e.g., information on vehicle systems that relates to soundsin the vehicle, but does not itself include sound signals or recordingsor audio signals or recordings), signals or information related to theoperation of vehicle systems producing or causing sound, acousticrelated vehicle information, or interference sound information (e.g.,data indicating window position, engine rotations per minute (RPM),vehicle speed, heating ventilation and cooling (HVAC) system fansetting(s), audio level, or other parameters); external soundmeasurements; and other information to enhance speech recognition,prompting using, for example, spoken dialogue, dialogue control, and/orother spoken dialogue systems or methods. Prompting may, for example, beinformation, speech, or other audio signals output to a user from aspoken dialogue system. Sound or acoustic related vehicle informationmay not in itself include sound signals. For example, sound or acousticrelated information may represent (e.g., include information on) anengine RPM, but not a signal representing the sound the engine makes.Sound or acoustic related information may represent (e.g., includeinformation on) the fact that a window is open (or open a certainamount), but not a signal representing the sound the wind makes throughthe open window. Sound related vehicle information may represent orinclude vehicle parameters, describing the state of the vehicle orvehicle systems.

Sound related vehicle information or signals or information related tothe operation of vehicle systems producing or causing sound may be usedto generate an interference profile record (IPR). An interferenceprofile record may, for example, include noise or sound type parameters,noise level or sound intensity parameters, and other information. (Insome embodiments, sound related vehicle information may include noisetype parameters and/or noise level parameters.) Noise type parametersmay, for example, represent or be based on a type of sound relatedvehicle information (e.g., engine RPM, HVAC fan setting(s), windowposition, audio playback level, vehicle speed, or other information) orcombinations of types of sound related vehicle information. For example,a noise type parameter may include an indication of whether or not orhow much a window is open (but not include a signal representing thesound of wind). Noise level parameters may represent the level ofintensity of sound related vehicle information (e.g., HVAC fan settinghigh, medium, low, or off; audio playback level high, medium, low oroff; or other sound related vehicle information) or combinations ofsound related vehicle information (e.g., open windows and speed abovethreshold speed may be represented as noise type parameter of wind andnoise level parameter of high). For example, a noise level parameter mayinclude an indication of whether or not or how much a fan is running(but not include a signal representing the sound of the fan).Interference profile records may, in some embodiments, be or may includean integer (e.g., an 8-bit integer or other type of integer), apercentage, a range of values, or other data or information.

In some embodiments, interference profile records (e.g., noise typeparameters, noise level parameters and/or other parameters) may be usedto enhance speech recognition. The interference profile record may, forexample, be used by a speech recognition system or process (e.g.,including a signal processor, automatic speech recognition (ASR) system,or other system(s) or method(s)) to modify or alter a sound signal toimprove speech recognition system or process decoding. In one example, asignal processor, ASR, or other system may, based on interferenceprofile records (e.g., noise type parameters and noise levelparameters), apply a pre-trained filter (e.g., a Weiner filter, combfilter, or other electronic signal filter) to modify or alter the inputsignal to limit or remove noise and improve speech recognition. Forexample, based on noise type parameters a type of pre-trained filter maybe applied, and based on noise level parameters filter settings orparameters may be determined and/or applied. Filter settings orparameters may, for example, control or represent an amount or level orfiltering, frequencies filtered, or other attributes of a filter. Alevel of filtering (e.g., an amount of filtering), frequencies filtered,and other attributes of filter may, for example, be based on noise levelparameters, which may represent a window position (e.g., a percentage ofhow far window is open), engine revolutions per minute (RPM), vehiclespeed, environmental control fan setting, audio playback level, or othervehicle parameters. For example, if a noise level parameter indicates ahigh level of noise rather than a low level of noise, a higher level oramount of filtering rather than a lower level may be applied to theinput signal. Different combinations of filtering levels and noise levelparameters may of course be used. Other signal processing methods and/ormodules may be used.

In one example, an ASR or other system may, based on interferenceprofile records (e.g., noise type parameters and noise levelparameters), apply a pre-trained acoustic model to improve speechrecognition. A type of pre-trained acoustic model (e.g., among multipleacoustic models) may be chosen based on interference profile records(e.g., noise type parameters, noise level parameters, and/or otherparameters). In some embodiments, a type of acoustic model maycorrespond to one or more interference profile records. For example, apredetermined acoustic model may be used if predetermined interferenceprofile records are generated based on sound related vehicleinformation.

According to some embodiments, modification of a speech recognitionprocess based on interference profile records may be adapted. In anadaptation operation supervised learning may be used to adapt or changesignal modification parameters (e.g., filter parameters or otherparameters), adapt or train acoustic model transformation matrices,adapt or change which pre-trained acoustic model is used, or adapt otherfeatures of spoken dialogue system. In an adaptation operation, theeffect of signal modification parameters may, for example, be monitoredor measured by determining the success or effectiveness of an ASR orother components of a speech recognition system in identifying speech(e.g., words, phrases, and other parts of speech). Based on themeasurements, signal modification parameters may, for example, beadapted or changed to improve the function or success of speechrecognition and the spoken dialogue system. In one example, a predefinedfilter (e.g., a Weiner filter, comb filter, or other filter) operatingwith a given set of filter parameters may be applied based on a givenset of noise type parameters and noise level parameters. An adaptationmodule may, for example, measure how effective or successful a filteroperating with a given set of parameters based on noise type parametersand noise level parameters is in enhancing or improving speechrecognition. Based on the measurement, the filter parameters may beadapted or changed to improve or enhance speech recognition. Othersignal modification parameters may be adapted.

In some embodiments, interference profile records (e.g., noise typeparameters, noise level parameters, and/or other parameters) may be usedby text to speech, audio processing, or other modules or methods toenhance speech prompting or spoken dialogue, audio output, or otheraudio signal output, typically to passengers. An audio processing moduleor other system may, for example, based on noise type parameters, noiselevel parameters, and/or other parameters increase or decrease a promptlevel, shape or reshape the prompt spectrum, modify prompt pitch, orotherwise alter a prompt. An audio processing module may, for example,increase audio output volume level, shape or reshape an audio spectrum(e.g., audio playback spectrum), modify audio playback pitch, and/orotherwise alter audio or sounds. A text to speech module or other systemmay, for example, modify or alter speech rate, syllable duration, orother speech related parameters based on noise type parameters, noiselevel parameters, and/or other parameters.

According to some embodiments, modification of speech prompting, audiooutput, or other audio signal output based on interference profilerecords may be adapted. In an adaptation operation supervised learningmay be used to adapt or change parameters associated with increasing ordecreasing a prompt level, parameters used to shape or reshape promptspectrum, parameters used to modify prompt pitch, and/or otherparameters. In an adaptation operation, the effect of parameters used toincrease or decrease a prompt level, parameters used to reshape promptspectrum, parameters used to modify prompt pitch, and/or otherparameters may be measured. The substance or content of speech or audioprompts may be altered. Based on the measurement, the parameters used toincrease or decrease a prompt level, parameters used to reshape promptspectrum, parameters used to modify prompt pitch, and/or otherparameters may be adapted or changed to improve or enhance prompting oraudio output function.

In some embodiments, interference profile records (e.g., noise typeparameters, noise level parameters, and/or other parameters) may, forexample, be used by a dialogue control module or other system or methodto enhance vehicle occupant interaction with the spoken dialogue system.A spoken dialogue control module or other system may, for example, basedon noise type parameters, noise level parameters, and/or otherparameters modify dialogue control, introduce prompts (e.g.,introductory prompts), modify audio prompts, modify the substance orcontent of output speech, modify dialogue style, listen and respond touser confusion, modify multi-modal dialogue, modify back-end applicationfunctionality, and/or perform other operations.

According to some embodiments, modification of spoken dialogue controlbased on interference profile records may be adapted. In an adaptationoperation, supervised learning may be used to adapt or change parametersused in dialogue control, prompt introduction, prompt modification,dialogue style modification, user confusion response, multi-modaldialogue modification, back-end application functionality modification,and/or other operations. In an adaptation operation, the effect ofparameters used in dialogue control, prompt introduction, promptmodification, dialogue style modification, user confusion response,multi-modal dialogue modification, back-end application functionalitymodification, and/or other operations may be measured. Based on themeasurement, the parameters used in dialogue control, promptintroduction, prompt modification, dialogue style modification, userconfusion response, multi-modal dialogue modification, back-endapplication functionality modification, and/or other operations may beadapted or changed to improve or enhance spoken dialogue systemfunction.

A spoken dialogue system or method according to embodiments of thepresent invention may be particularly useful by modifying or alteringautomatic speech recognition, audio prompting, dialogue control and/orother operations based on accurate timed or real-time vehicle soundrelated information, a-priori understanding of noise characteristics,and other information. Additionally, parameters used to modify or alterautomatic speech recognition, prompting, dialogue control and/or otheroperations may be adapted or changed to improve the function of thespoken dialogue system throughout the life of the spoken dialoguesystem. Other and different benefits may realized by embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of vehicle with an automatic speechrecognition system according to an embodiment of the present invention.A vehicle 10 (e.g., a car, truck, or another vehicle) may include or beconnected to a spoken dialogue system 100. One or more microphone(s) 20may be associated with system 100, and microphones 20 may receive orrecord speech, ambient noise, vehicle noise, audio signals and othersounds. Microphones 20 may be located inside vehicle cabin 22, exteriorto vehicle cabin 22, or in another location. For example, one microphone20 may be located inside vehicle cabin 22 and may receive or recordspeech, non-speech related sounds, noise, and/or sounds inside the cabin22. Non-speech related sounds may include for example vehicle 10 relatednoises (e.g., engine noise, heating ventilation and cooling (HVAC)system noise, etc.), non-vehicle related noise (e.g., noises fromoutside the vehicle), audio system sounds (e.g., music, radio relatedsounds), and other sounds. One or more exterior microphone(s) 24 may,for example, be located exterior to vehicle cabin 22 (e.g., on vehiclebody, bumper, trunk, windshield or another location).

One or more sensors may be attached to or associated with the vehicle10. A window position sensor 60, engine rotation per minute (RPM) sensor26, vehicle speed sensor 28 (e.g., speedometer), HVAC sensor 30 (e.g.,HVAC fan setting sensor), audio level sensor 32 (e.g., audio systemvolume level), exterior microphones 24, and other or different sensorssuch as windshield wiper sensors may measure sound related vehicleinformation, vehicle parameters, vehicle conditions, noise outsidevehicle, or vehicle related information. Sound related vehicleinformation or interference sound information may be transferred tosystem 100 via, for example, a wire link 50 (e.g., data bus, acontroller area network (CAN) bus, Flexray, Ethernet) or a wirelesslink. The sound related vehicle information may be used by system 100 oranother system to determine an interference profile record (e.g., noiseprofile record) or other data representing the sound related vehicleinformation. Other or different sensors or information may be used.

In one embodiment of the present invention, spoken dialogue system 100may be or may include a computing device mounted on the dashboard or ina control console of the vehicle, in passenger compartment 22, or in thetrunk. In alternate embodiments, spoken dialogue system 100 may belocated in another part of the vehicle, may be located in multiple partsof the vehicle, or may have all or part of its functionality remotelylocated (e.g., in a remote server or in a portable computing device suchas a cellular telephone). Spoken dialogue system 100 may, for example,perform one or more of outputting spoken dialogue or audio prompts tovehicle occupants and inputting audio information representing speechfrom vehicle occupants.

According to some embodiments, a speaker, loudspeaker, electro-acoustictransducer, headphones, or other device 40 may output, broadcast, ortransmit audio prompts or spoken dialogue responses to voice commands,voice responses, audio commands, audio alerts, requests for information,or other audio signals. Audio prompts and/or responses to voice commandsmay, for example, be output in response to speech commands, requests, oranswers from a vehicle passenger. A prompt may, for example, includeinformation regarding system 100 functionality, vehicle functionality,question(s) requesting information from a user (e.g., a vehiclepassenger), information requested by a user, or other information.Prompts and speech input may, in some embodiments, be used in a vehiclein other manners.

A display, screen, or other image or video output device 42 may, in someembodiments, output information, alerts, video, images or other data tooccupants in vehicle 10. Information displayed on display 42 may, forexample, be displayed in response to requests for information by driveror other occupants in vehicle 10.

Vehicle 10 may, in some embodiments, include input devices or area(s) 44separate from or associated with microphones 20. Input devices ortactile devices 44 may be, for example, touchscreens, keyboards, pointerdevices, turn signals or other devices. Input devices 44 may, forexample, be used to enable, disable, or adjust settings of spokendialogue system 100.

While various sensors and inputs are discussed, in certain embodimentsonly a subset (e.g. one or another number) of sensor(s) or input may beused.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a spoken dialogue system accordingto embodiments of the present invention. Spoken dialogue system 100 mayinclude one or more processor(s) or controller(s) 110, memory 120, longterm storage 130, input device(s) or area(s) 44, and output device(s) orarea(s) 42. Input device(s) or area(s) 44 and output device(s) orarea(s) 42 may be combined into, for example, a touch screen display andinput which may be part of system 100.

System 100 may include one or more databases 150, which may include, forexample, sound or acoustic related vehicle information 160 (e.g.,interference sound information), interference profile records (IPRs)180, spoken dialogue system ontologies 170, and other information. Soundrelated vehicle information 160 may, for example, include vehicleparameters, recorded sounds, and/or other information. Databases 150may, for example, include interference profile records 180 (e.g., noisetype parameters, noise level parameters, and/or other information),noise profiles, noise profile records, and/or other data representingthe vehicle parameters and/or other information. Databases 150 may bestored all or partly in one or both of memory 120, long term storage130, or another device.

Processor or controller 110 may be, for example, a central processingunit (CPU), a chip or any suitable computing or computational device.Processor or controller 110 may include multiple processors, and mayinclude general-purpose processors and/or dedicated processors such asgraphics processing chips. Processor 110 may execute code orinstructions, for example, stored in memory 120 or long-term storage130, to carry out embodiments of the present invention.

Memory 120 may be or may include, for example, a Random Access Memory(RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a SynchronousDRAM (SD-RAM), a double data rate (DDR) memory chip, a Flash memory, avolatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a cache memory, a buffer, ashort term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or other suitablememory units or storage units. Memory 120 may be or may include multiplememory units.

Long term storage 130 may be or may include, for example, a hard diskdrive, a floppy disk drive, a Compact Disk (CD) drive, a CD-Recordable(CD-R) drive, a universal serial bus (USB) device or other suitableremovable and/or fixed storage unit, and may include multiple or acombination of such units.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a spoken dialogue system according toembodiments of the present invention. The system of FIG. 3 may, forexample, part of the system of FIG. 2, or of other systems, and may haveits functionality executed by the system of FIG. 2, or by other systems.The components of the system of FIG. 3 may, for example, be dedicatedhardware components, or may be all or in part code executed by processor110. Microphone 20 or another input device may receive, record ormeasure sounds, noise, and/or speech in vehicle. The sounds may includespeech, speech commands, verbal commands, or other expression from anoccupant in vehicle 10. Microphone 20 may transmit or transfer an audiosignal or signal 200 representing the input sounds, including speechcommand(s), to system 100, speech recognition system or process 201, orother module or system. Speech recognition system or process 201 may,for example, include a signal processor 202 (e.g., speech recognitionfront-end), speech recognition module 204, and other systems or modules.Audio signal 200 representing the input sounds, including speechcommand(s) may be output to an automatic speech recognition system 201,a signal processor or signal processing or signal processor 202associated with system 100, an adaptation module, or other device.Signal processor 202 may, for example, receive the audio signal. Signalprocessor 202 may, for example, filter, amplify digitize, or otherwisetransform the signal 200. Signal processor 202 may transmit the signal200 to a speech recognition module or device 204. Automatic speechrecognition (ASR) module or speech recognition module 204 may extract,identify, or determine words, phrases, language, phoneme, or soundpatterns from the signal 200. Words may be extracted by, for example,comparing the audio signal to acoustic models, lists, or databases ofknown words, phonemes, and/or phrases. Based on the comparison,potential identified words or phrases may be ranked based on highestlikelihood and/or probability of a match. ASR module 204 may output ortransmit a signal 200 representing identified words or phrases to asemantic interpreter 206.

According to some embodiments, a vehicle occupant may enter a command orinformation into an input device 44. Input device 44 may transmit oroutput a signal representing the command or information to tactile inputrecognition module 208. Tactile input recognition module 208 mayidentify, decode, extract, or determine words, phrases, language, orphoneme in or from the signal. Tactile input recognition module 208 may,for example, identify words, phrases, language, or phonemes in thesignal by comparing the signal from input 44 to statistical models,databases, dictionaries or lists of words, phrases, language, orphonemes. Tactile input recognition module 208 may output or transfer asignal representing identified words or phrases to semantic interpreter206. The tactile signal may, for example, be combined with or comparedto signal 200 from ASR module 204 in semantic interpreter 206.

According to some embodiments, semantic interpreter 206 may determinemeaning from the words, phrases, language, or phoneme in the signaloutput from ASR module 204, tactile input recognition module 208 and/oranother device or module. Semantic interpreter 206 may, for example, bea parser (e.g., a semantic parser). Semantic interpreter 206 may, forexample, map a recognized word string to dialogue acts, which mayrepresent meaning. Dialogue acts may, for example, refer to the ontologyof an application (e.g., components of an application ontology). Forexample, user may provide a speech command or word string (e.g., “Findme a hotel,”) and semantic interpreter 206 may parse or map the wordstring into a dialogue act (e.g., inform(type=hotel)). Semanticinterpreter 206 may, for example, use a model that relates words to theapplication ontology (e.g., dialogue acts in application ontology). Themodel may, for example, be included in speech recognition grammar (e.g.,in database 150, memory 120, or other location) and/or other locations.Speech recognition module 204 may identify the words in the statementand transmit a signal representing the words to semantic interpreter206. Dialogue acts, information representing spoken commands, and/orother information or signals may be output to a dialog control module210.

Dialog control module 210 may, in some embodiments, generate, calculateor determine a response to the dialogue acts. For example, if a dialogueact is a request for information (e.g., inform(type=hotel)), dialogcontrol module 210 may determine a response to the request providinginformation (e.g., a location of a hotel), a response requesting furtherinformation (e.g., “what is your price range?”), or other response.Dialog control module 210 may function in conjunction with or beassociated with a backend application 212. A backend application 212may, for example, be a data search (e.g., search engine), navigation,stereo or radio control, musical retrieval, or other type ofapplication.

According to some embodiments, a response generator or responsegeneration module 214 may, for example, receive response informationfrom dialog control module 210. Response generation module 214 may, forexample, formulate or generate text, phrasing, or wording (e.g.,formulate a sentence) for the response to be output to a vehicleoccupant.

A visual rendering module 216 may generate an image, series of images,or video displaying the text response output by response generationmodule 214. Visual rendering module 216 may output the image, series ofimages, or video to displays 44 or other devices.

A text to speech module 218 may convert the text from responsegeneration module 214 to speech, audio signal output, or audible signaloutput. The speech signal may be output from text to speech module 218to audio signal processor 220. Audio signal processor 220 may convertthe signal from digital to audio, amplify the signal, uncompress thesignal, and/or other modify or transform the signal. The audio signalmay be output to speakers 40. Speakers 40 may broadcast the response tothe vehicle occupants.

An interference profile module 222 may receive sound related vehicleinformation 160, vehicle parameters, received sound signals, and/orother information representing one or more sounds from data bus 50 orother sources. In some embodiments, data bus 50 may transmit or transfersound related vehicle information 160 to interference profile module 222associated with spoken dialogue system 100 or another module or deviceassociated with system 100.

Interference profile records (IPR) 180 may be generated, determined, orcalculated by interference profile module 222 based on the sound relatedvehicle information 160. Interference profile records 180 may includenoise level parameters (e.g., sound intensity parameters), noise orsound type parameters, and/or other information. Noise level parameters,noise type parameters, and/or other parameters may be determined basedon sound related vehicle information 160, received sounds, and/or otherinformation representing sounds or noise. For example, sound relatedvehicle information 160 may indicate or represent that a heating,ventilation, and air condition (HVAC) system fan is on and operating ata high setting. An IPR 180 including a noise type parameter of fan(e.g., noise type=fan) and a noise level parameter of high (e.g., noiselevel=high) may, for example, be generated to represent sound relatedvehicle information 160 indicated an HVAC fan is on a setting of high.Other IPR's 180 including noise type parameters, noise level parameters,and other parameters may be generated. Noise level parameters and noisetype parameters may represent a noise or sound in a vehicle or thelikely presence of a noise or sound in vehicle, but typically do notinclude audio signals or recordings of the actual noise or sound.

According to some embodiments, modification module or steps 224 may,based on the noise level parameters, noise type parameters, and/or otherparameters alter or modify the audio signal 200, filter noise, and/orotherwise modify automated speech recognition. Modification module 224may, in some embodiments, modify an audio signal 200 by applying afilter to audio signal 200, determining an acoustic model to be used inspeech recognition, and/or otherwise enhancing signal processing 202,speech recognition 204, or speech recognition steps or processes.

According to some embodiments, an interference profile record may, forexample, be used by text to speech 218, audio processing 220, or othermodules or methods to enhance audio speech prompting, audio output, orother sounds or broadcasts output from system 100. Text to speech 218parameters or output may be modified (e.g., by modification module 224)by increasing or decreasing speech rate, increasing or decreasingsyllable duration, and/or otherwise modifying speech output from system100 (e.g., via speaker 40). Parameters associated with audio processing220 (e.g., prompt level, prompt spectrum, audio playback, or otherparameters) may be modified based on an interference profile record(e.g., noise type parameters, noise level parameters, and otherparameters). Audio output from system may, for example, be modified byincreasing prompt level (e.g., volume), altering prompt pitch, shapingor reshaping a prompt spectrum (e.g., to increase signal to noiseratio), enhancing audio playback (e.g., stereo playback), and/orotherwise enhancing or altering audio output from system 100 (e.g., viaspeaker 40).

A combination of text to speech 218, audio processing 220, and/or othertypes speech prompting or audio output modification 224 may be used. Forexample, Lombard style or other type of speech modification may be used.Lombard style modification may, for example, model human speech in aloud environment, an environment with background noise, or in a settingwhere communication may be difficult. Lombard style modification may,for example, modify audio spectrum, pitch, speech rate, syllableduration and other audio characteristics using audio processing 220,text to speech 218, or other modules and/or operations.

According to some embodiments, based on the noise level parameters,noise type parameters, and/or other parameters dialogue control 210 orother systems or processes associated with spoken dialogue system 100may be modified and/or altered. Dialogue control 210 may, for example,be modified or altered (e.g., by modification module 224) byimplementing or imposing clarification acts (e.g., asking a user forexplicit confirmation of input, to repeat input, or otherclarifications), determining and outputting introductory audio prompts(e.g., prompting user using output speech that voice recognition may bedifficult with windows down, high engine RPM, or based on other vehicleparameter(s)), modifying prompts (e.g., controlling the pace or timingof prompts), modifying dialogue style (e.g., prompting user for singleslot or simple information rather than complex information, enforcingexact phrasing, avoiding mixed initiative and other modifications),monitoring and responding to user confusion, and/or otherwise modifyingdialogue control 210. In some embodiments, multi-modal dialogue (e.g.,spoken dialogue combined with tactile, visual, or other dialogue) may,for example, be modified (e.g., by modification module 224). Multi-modaldialogue may, for example, be modified by reverting to, weighting, orfavoring visual display over speech prompting, by reverting to visualdisplay of system hypotheses (e.g., questions, requests for information,and other prompts), prompting or requesting tactile confirmation from auser (e.g., prompting a user to select a response from list of responsesdisplayed on touchscreen or other output device), encouraging use oftactile modality (e.g., reducing confidence levels associated withsemantic interpreter 206), switching from speech based to othermodalities for a subset of application functions (e.g., simple commandand control by tactile means), or other modifications. Back-endapplication functionality may be modified (e.g., by modification module224) based on the interference profile records. For example,functionality of back-end application services or features may be lockedout, reduced, or otherwise modified (e.g., lock out voice search, allowradio control, and other services).

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an automatic speech recognition systemaccording to embodiments of the present invention. According to someembodiments, an interference profile module 222 may receive soundrelated vehicle information 160 including or representing, for example,vehicle parameters and other information from a data bus 50. Vehicleparameters may, for example, include window position (e.g., open orclosed, open a certain amount, etc.), engine settings (e.g., enginerevolutions per minute (RPM)), vehicle speed, HVAC fan settings (e.g.,off, low, medium, high), audio playback levels, or other vehicle relatedparameters. According to some embodiments, interference profile module222 may receive sound related vehicle information 160 from microphones(e.g., exterior microphones 24, interior microphones 20, or othermicrophones). Sound related vehicle information 160 from microphonesmay, in some embodiments, include non-speech related sounds, vehiclerelated sounds, non-vehicle related sounds, infrastructure sounds, windnoise, road noise, speech from people outside vehicle cabin,environmental sounds, Interference module 222 may, for example, based onsound related vehicle information 160 generate interference profilerecords (IPR) 180.

Interference profile records 180 may, for example, be a table, data set,database, or other set of information. Each IPR 180 may, for example, bea representation of sound related vehicle information 160 (e.g., vehicleparameters and other sounds or information). An IPR 180 may, forexample, include a noise level parameter 304 (e.g., sound intensityparameter), noise type parameter 306 (e.g., sound type parameter ornoise classification parameter), and other parameters representing soundrelated vehicle information 160. In some embodiments, noise levelparameter 304, noise type parameter 306, and other parameters mayrepresent a combination of categories of sound related vehicleinformation 160 (e.g., vehicle parameters, received sounds, and/or othersounds or information). An IPR 180 including noise level parameters 304,noise type parameters 306, and/or other parameters may, for example,represent vehicle parameters (e.g., engine RPM, HVAC fan setting, windowposition, etc.) or vehicle related sounds in real-time, continuously, orover a predetermined period of time. Interference profile records 180may, for example, be generated continuously, in real-time when spokendialogue system 100 is activated, any time vehicle is powered on, or atother times.

Noise type parameter 306 may, for example, be a classification,categorization, label, tag, or information representing or derived fromsound related vehicle information 160 including vehicle parameters(e.g., engine RPM, window position, HVAC fan setting, vehicle speed,audio playback level, and other parameters) and/or other information.Noise or sound type parameters 306 may, for example, be determined,generated or assigned based on signals (e.g., sound related vehicleinformation 160) received from CAN bus 50. Signals received from CAN bus50 may, for example, represent or include sound related vehicleinformation 160, which may represent vehicle parameters (e.g., vehiclewindow position, engine RPM, vehicle speed, HVAC fan setting, audioplayback level, and other parameters) and/or other information. Noisetype parameters 306 may, for example, represent a vehicle parameter,pre-defined combinations of vehicle parameters, or other informationreceived from CAN bus 50. For example, if a signal is received from CANbus 50 indicating engine RPM is higher than a threshold RPM value anoise type parameter 306 of engine (e.g., noise_type=Engine) may begenerated or assigned. For example, a signal received via CAN bus 50indicating that an HVAC system is at a certain setting may result in thegeneration or assignment of a noise or sound type parameter 306 of fan(e.g., noise_type=fan). For example, sound related vehicle information160 indicating a window is open may result in the assignment of a noisetype parameter 306 window (e.g., noise_type=window). Other noise typeparameter 306 determinations, assignments, and classifications may beused.

Noise level parameters 304 may, for example, be derived from vehicleparameters including (e.g., fan dial or input setting, HVAC systemsetting, engine RPM, vehicle speed, audio playback level, and/or othervehicle parameters). Noise level parameters 304 may, for example, be arepresentation of sound level (e.g., the decibel (dB) level of thesound) or other measure of sound level or feature. Noise levelparameters 304 may, for example, be low, medium, high or otherparameters and may represent or quantify ranges of sound intensity.

Interference profile records 180 (e.g., noise level parameters 304 andnoise type parameters 306) may, in some embodiments, be determined,generated, or calculated using logic (e.g., using metrics orthresholds), mathematical approaches, a table (e.g., a look-up table),or other operations. For example, if sound related vehicle information160 indicates engine RPM is above a predefined threshold, a noise typeparameter 306 of engine (e.g., noise_type=engine) and noise levelparameter 304 of high (e.g., noise_level=high) may be determined orgenerated. For example, if vehicle parameters from data bus indicate anHVAC fan is on a high setting, a noise type parameter 306 equal to fan(e.g., noise_type=fan), noise level parameter 304 of high (e.g.,noise_level=high), and/or other parameters may be assigned. Otheroperations may be used. Typically, a noise type parameter is a discreteparameter selected among a list, e.g., engine, window open, fan, wind,audio, audio, etc. However, other noise type parameters may be used. Anoise type parameter and noise level parameter typically does notinclude a sound recording or other direct information regarding theactual noise produced.

In some embodiments, combinations of multiple types of sound relatedvehicle information 160 (e.g., vehicle parameters, measured sounds, andother sounds or information) may, in some embodiments, be used in logicoperations and/or other mathematical operations to determine orcalculate interference profile records 180 (e.g., noise level parameters304 and noise type parameters 306). For example, if sound relatedvehicle information 160 from data bus indicates vehicle speed is greaterthan a threshold speed (e.g., 70 miles per hour (mph) or another speed)and window position is beyond a threshold (e.g., more than 25% open oranother threshold), a noise level parameter 304 of high (e.g.,noise_level=high) and noise type parameter 306 equal to wind (e.g.,noise_type=wind) may be determined, assigned, or generated. Otherthresholds and parameters may be used.

Interference profile records 180 may, in some embodiments, bedetermined, generated, or calculated using quantization or otheroperations. Sound related vehicle information 160, vehicle parameters,measured sounds, or other information may, for example, be quantized todetermine noise level parameter 304 values and noise type parameter 306values. For example, engine RPM values may be quantized to an 8 bit orother size integer noise level parameter 304 values. Noise levelparameter 304 (e.g., 8 bit integer representing engine noise) may, forexample, include information about engine characteristics (e.g., enginefundamental frequencies and harmonics). Audio playback levels, forexample, may be quantized to 8 bit or other size integers. Each 8 bitinteger may, for example, represent an interference profile record 180(e.g., a noise level parameter 304). Other quantization steps may beused.

According to some embodiments, modification module or processes 224 may,based on interference profile records 180, modify audio signals 200,filter noise, and improve spoken dialogue system 100 function.Modification module or processes 224 may, in some embodiments, modify anaudio signal 200, filter noise, modify features of an audio signal 200,and/or otherwise alter an audio signal 200 independent of speechrecognition device 300 (e.g., prior to speech recognition 204),dependent on speech recognition 302 (e.g., during speech recognition 204using, for example, ASR front end 314), or during other steps orprocess.

In some embodiments, an audio signal 200 (e.g., output from microphone20) may be modified, filtered, or altered independent 300 of or beforebeing received in speech recognition module 204. System 100 may, forexample, include multiple filters 312 (e.g., Weiner filters, combfilters, analog, digital, passive, active, discrete-time, continuoustime, and other types of filters) and each filter 312 may include filterparameters 322. Filters 312 may, for example, be stored in memory 120,database 150, long-term storage 130, or a similar storage device. Eachfilter 312 and filter parameters 322 may, for example, function best tofilter certain noise level parameters 304 and noise type parameters 306.Audio signal 200 may, for example, be modified and/or altered duringsignal processing 202. Audio signal 200 may be modified during signalprocessing 202 based on interference profile records 180 (e.g., noisetype parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304). Based on noise typeparameters 306, modification module 310 may, for example, determine afilter 312 (e.g., a Weiner filter, comb filter, low pass filter, highpass filter, band pass filter, or other type of filter) or other moduleor device to filter, limit, or reduce interference noise. Filterparameters 322 (e.g., frequencies, amplitude, harmonics, tunings, orother parameters) may, for example, be determined based on noise levelparameters 304. Filter 312 may be applied to an input signal, audiosignal 200, or other type of signal in signal processor 202 or inanother module or step.

According to some embodiments, if IPRs 180 indicate wind noise (e.g.,noise_type=wind) may be present, a filter 312 (e.g., Weiner filter) maybe applied by signal processor 202 to filter or reduce wind noise in theaudio signal 200. Weiner filter parameters 322 may, in some embodiments,be determined based on noise level parameters 304 (e.g.,noise_level=high, medium, low, or off), noise type parameters 306, andother parameters. For example, modification module 224 may includepredetermined Weiner filter parameters 322 to apply during signalprocessing 202 based on a given noise level parameter 304. Afterapplication of filter 312 (e.g., Weiner filter), audio signal 200 may,for example, be output to automated speech recognition (ASR) module 204with reduced or limited wind noise in the signal.

According to some embodiments, if IPR's 180 indicate engine noise (e.g.,noise_type=engine) may be present, a time varying comb filter 312 may beapplied during signal processing 202 to filter out engine noise. Timevarying comb filter 312 parameters may, for example, be determined basedon noise level parameter 304 (e.g., 8 bit integers representing enginenoise). Noise level parameter 304 (e.g., 8 bit integer representingengine noise) may, for example, include information about enginecharacteristics (e.g., engine fundamental frequencies and harmonics).Based on noise level parameter 304, time varying comb filter 312parameters may, for example, be determined. Time varying comb filterparameters 322 may, for example, be determined such that comb filter isaligned with fundamental frequencies and harmonics in the engine noiseportion of audio signal 200. Time varying comb filter with parameters322 aligned with fundamental frequencies and harmonics in the enginenoise portion of an audio signal 200 may attenuate or reduce theintensity of engine fundamental frequencies and harmonics in an audiosignal 200 transform (e.g. a signal Fourier transform). A signal 200with attenuated or reduced fundamental engine frequencies and amplitudesmay, for example, be output to an automated speech recognition decoder316. Automated speech recognition decoder 316 may interpret speech,commands, or other information in the audio signal 200.

According to some embodiments, success of speech recognitionmodification based on the noise type parameters and the noise levelparameters in increasing speech recognition functionality may bemeasured. Based on the measure success speech recognition modificationmay be adapted (e.g., during a learning or supervised learningoperation).

According to some embodiments, filter parameters 322 (e.g., Weinerfilter, comb filter, etc.) used with given interference profile records180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304) maybe defined during manufacturing, during an adaptation process 320 (e.g.a learning or supervised learning operation), or at another time. Filterparameters 322 may, for example, be determined such that filter 312 ismost effective in removing noise from an audio signal 200. During anadaptation process 320, a signal 200 and IPR(s) 180 associated withsignal 200 may be received at system 100 (e.g., at an adaptation module320). Signal 200 may, for example, include speech, noise, and possiblyother sounds. Interference profile record(s) 180 associated with signal200 may, for example, be output from data bus 50 concurrently with or atroughly the same time as signal 200 is received. An adaptation module320 may, for example, measure how effective filter parameters 322 (e.g.,derived from or determined based on IPRs 180) are in removing noise fromsignal 200 by comparing signal 200 to a signal output from filter 312(e.g., operating with predefined filter parameters 322) or using onother methods. The success or effectiveness of filter parameters 322 inimproving speech recognition may be measured using other approachesand/or metrics. Adaptation module 320 may based on the measurementchange or adapt filter parameters 322 to more effectively remove noisefrom signals 200 associated with a given IPR 180 (e.g., given noise typeparameters 306 and noise level parameters 304). Adaptation steps 320may, for example, be performed while vehicle is driven by a driver or atother times and filter parameters 322 may be adapted based on thesupervised learning or other methods.

For example, during an adaptation process 320 a vehicle may be drivenabove a predefined threshold speed with the windows open and a noiselevel parameter 304 of high and noise type parameter 306 of wind (e.g.,noise_type=wind) may be generated. Signals 200 including speech andother noise (e.g., vehicle related noises) may be received at system 100(e.g., from microphone 20) during adaptation operation 320. Anadaptation module 320 may, for example, measure how effective filterparameters 322 (e.g., based on noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304) are in removing noise from signal 200. In someembodiments, how effective filter parameters 322 are in removing noisefrom signal 200 may be measured by comparing signal 200 to a signaloutput from filter 312 (e.g., operating with predefined filterparameters 322) or using other methods. Filter parameters 322 associatedwith noise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304 may, forexample, be adapted or changed to more effectively filter or removenoise from signal 200. Filter parameters 322 associated with noise typeparameters 306 and noise level parameters 304 may, in some embodiments,not be changed or adapted if filter parameters 322 as measured areeffective or successful in removing noise from signal. Success oreffectiveness of filter parameters 322 may, for example, be determinedby evaluating the performance or function of speech recognition 204given filter parameters 322. Other approaches and metrics may be used.

According to some embodiments, modification module 310 may modify anaudio signal 200 within modules and/or devices in speech recognitionmodule 204. Audio signal may 200, for example, be received frommicrophone 20 or similar device and may include speech from vehicleoccupants (e.g., passengers, drivers, etc.) and other sounds (e.g.,background noise, vehicle related sounds, and other sounds). Speechrecognition module 204 may, for example, include an automatic speechrecognition (ASR) front-end 314. Based on IPR's 180 signals may bemodified at ASR front end 314 to filter out noise (e.g., wind noise,engine noise or another type of noise) or to otherwise modify audiosignal 200. A filter 312 (e.g., a Weiner filter) may, for example, beapplied to signal 200 in ASR front-end 314 to filter wind noise from anaudio signal 200. The type of filter 312 and filter parameters 322 maybe determined based on noise type parameter 306 and noise levelparameter 304. For example, a vehicle 10 may travel at a speed above athreshold speed with windows open and noise type parameter 306 wind andnoise level parameter 304 of high may be generated. Based on the noisetype parameter 306 of wind and noise level parameter 304 of high, afilter 312 (e.g., a Weiner filter) with predefined filter parameters 322may be applied to signal 200 in ASR front-end 314.

According to some embodiments, automatic speech recognition module 204may include acoustic models 318. A specific previously generatedacoustic model among multiple acoustic models 318 may be chosen duringsound analysis to decode speech, the model being chosen depending on,for example, interference profile records 180 (e.g., noise levelparameters 304 and/or noise type parameters 306). Acoustic models 318may be or may include statistical models (e.g., Hidden Markov Model(HMM) statistical models or another statistical models) representing therelationship between phonemes, sounds, words, phrases or other elementsof speech and their associated or representative waveforms.

According to some embodiments, IPR's 180 (e.g., noise level parameters304, noise type parameters 306, or other parameters) may be used todetermine, choose or select which acoustic model 318 to use in a speechrecognition operation. For example, an IPR 180 (e.g., noise levelparameter 304 of high and noise type parameter 306 of window) mayindicate high window noise in a signal. Modification module 310 maybased on IPR 180 indicating high window noise, select or determine anacoustic model 318 among several acoustic models 318 that is best suitedto decoding speech in a signal with high window noise.

Acoustic models 318 may, for example, be adapted, trained or generatedfrom speech samples during an adaptation operation 320, manufacturing,testing, or at another time. Acoustic models 318 may, for example, beadapted during adaptation operation 320 (e.g., a supervised learningoperation) based on noise level parameters 304 and the noise typeparameters 306. An adaptation module 320 may, for example, measure howeffective an acoustic model 322 (e.g., determined based on IPRs 180) isin decoding speech from signal 200. The success of an acoustic model 322(e.g., including predefined acoustic model transformation matrices) inimproving speech recognition may me be measured and an acoustic model322 may be adapted based on the measurement. Acoustic model 322 may, forexample, be adapted using maximum likelihood linear regression or othermathematical approaches to adapt or train acoustic model transformationmatrices used in conjunction with predefined noise type parameters 306and noise level parameters 304.

For example, during an adaptation or training operation vehicle 10 maybe driven above a threshold speed with windows open. A noise levelparameter 304 of high and noise type parameter 306 of wind (e.g.,noise_type=wind) may be generated and output to adaptation module 320.Speech and other noise may be recorded (e.g., by microphone 20) and asignal 200 including speech may be output to adaptation module 320. Thesuccess of acoustic model 318 in decoding speech based on the noise typeparameter 306 of wind (e.g., noise_type=wind) and noise level parameter304 of high (e.g., noise_level=high) may be measured. Based on themeasurements acoustic model transformation matrices may be generated oradapted using maximum likelihood linear regression techniques or othermathematical or statistical approaches. An acoustic model 318 withadapted acoustic model transformation matrices may, for example, be usedin subsequent system 100 operation when interference profile records 180indicating high wind noise (e.g., noise type parameter 306 of wind andnoise level parameter 304 of high) are generated.

Adaptation 320 (e.g., including supervised learning) may, for example,be performed while vehicle 10 is driven by a driver, and acoustic models318 may be altered or modified based on the supervised learning. Anacoustic model 318 best suited to decoding speech in a signal with highwindow noise may, for example, have been trained or defined during asupervised learning operation with high wind noise.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an enhanced spoken dialogue audio promptingsystem according to embodiments of the present invention. According tosome embodiments, interference profile records 180 (e.g., includingnoise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304) may be used tomodify an audio signal 400 (e.g., output from system 100). Interferenceprofile records 180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304) may be used by text to speech 218, audio processing 220,or other modules or methods to enhance speech prompting, audio output,or broadcasts output from system 100.

According to some embodiments, modification module 224 may modifyparameters associated with audio processing 220 (e.g., prompt level,prompt spectrum, prompt pitch, audio spectrum, audio level, or otherparameters) based on an interference profile records 180 (e.g., noisetype parameters 306, noise level parameters 304, and other parameters).Modification module 224 may, for example, increase prompt level (e.g.,volume), alter prompt pitch, shape and/or reshape prompt spectrum (e.g.,to increase signal to noise ratio), enhance audio playback (e.g., stereoplayback), and/or otherwise enhance or alter audio output from system100 (e.g., via speaker 40). For example, if noise level parameters 304indicate noise in signal 400 is above a threshold level (e.g., dBlevel), prompt level (e.g., output from speaker 40) audio level 407 maybe increased.

In some embodiments, a prompt spectrum 402 may, for example, bemodified, shaped, or reshaped. A prompt may be an audio or sound outputfrom system 100 including, for example, speech directed to vehicleoccupants, and a prompt spectrum 402 may, for example, be an audiospectrum including a range of frequencies, intensities, sound pressures,sound energies, and/or other sound related parameters. Prompt spectrum402 may, for example, be modified, shaped, or reshaped to increase thesignal to noise ratio in vehicle 10 (e.g., in vehicle interior or inproximity of vehicle occupants). Prompt spectrum 402 may, for example,be modified to emphasize or amplify the prompt spectrum 402 in portionsof spectrum (e.g., frequency spectrum, energy spectrum, or other type ofsound related spectrum) corresponding to high noise energy from vehiclerelated sounds (e.g., engine noise, wind noise, fan noise, and othersounds). Prompt spectrum 402 may, for example, be amplified in a portionof the spectrum with high noise energy to increase the signal to noiseratio, which may represent the ratio of prompt sound level (e.g. promptoutput from system 100) to noise level in vehicle interior (e.g., enginenoise, wind noise, HVAC fan noise, and other noise). Prompt spectrum 402may, for example, be modified using audio processor module 220, text tospeech module 218, or another system or module.

In one embodiment, noise type parameters 306 may indicate engine noise(e.g., noise_type parameter=engine) and noise level parameters 304 mayrepresent a level of engine noise. Noise level parameters 304 may, forexample, be a quantized representation of engine RPM (e.g., an 8 bitinteger or other integer representing engine RPM). Based on noise levelparameters 304 (e.g., a quantized representation of engine RPM),modification module 224 may amplify or emphasize predefined portions ofprompt spectrum 402. For example, noise type parameters 306 and noiselevel parameters 304 may correspond to high noise energy in lowfrequency portion of a sound spectrum (e.g., below 1000 Hertz (Hz) oranother frequency) and low noise energy in high frequency portion of thespectrum (e.g., above 1000 Hertz (Hz) or another frequency). The lowfrequency portion of prompt frequency spectrum 402 (e.g., below 1000 Hzor another frequency) may be amplified or emphasized to increase theratio of prompt to engine noise in low frequencies.

In some embodiments, audio spectrum 404 (e.g., from stereo, radio orother device) may, for example, be modified or reshaped. Audio spectrum404 may, for example, be modified or reshaped to increase the audiosignal to noise ratio in vehicle 10. Audio spectrum 404 may, forexample, be modified using audio processing module 220 and/or anotherdevice or module. Audio spectrum 404 may, for example, be modified toemphasize or amplify the audio spectrum 404 in portions of audiospectrum 404 (e.g., audio frequency spectrum, audio energy spectrum, orother type of sound related spectrum) corresponding to high noise energyfrom vehicle related sounds (e.g., engine noise, wind noise, fan noise,and other sounds). Audio spectrum 404 may, for example, be amplified ina portion of spectrum with high noise energy to increase the signal tonoise ratio, which may represent the ratio of audio (e.g. audio outputfrom speaker 40) to noise in vehicle interior.

According to some embodiments, audio prompt or audio pitch 406 may bemodified or altered based on interference profile records 180. Prompt oraudio pitch 406 may, for example, be modified based on noise typeparameters 306 and noise level parameters 304 to increase the clarityand/or intelligibility of a prompt or audio (e.g., output from speakers40). For example, noise type parameters 306 may indicate the presence ofwind noise in vehicle 10 and noise level parameters 304 may represent alevel of wind noise (e.g., volume of wind noise). Based on noise levelparameters 304 (e.g., low, medium, high, or another parameter), theprompt or audio pitch 406 (e.g., related to frequency) may be altered(e.g., made higher or lower). Alteration of prompt or audio pitch

406 may, for example, be dependent upon, proportional to, or otherwiserelated to noise level parameter 306. For example, prompt or audio pitch406 may be altered more in the presence of louder vehicle noises thansofter vehicle noises (e.g., may be shifted higher if noise levelparameter 304 is high than if noise level parameter 304 is medium orlow). In some embodiments, prompt or audio pitch 306 may be decreased orshifted lower based on noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304.

According to some embodiments, modification module 224 may, for example,modify text to speech 218 output by increasing or decreasing speech rate410, increasing or decreasing syllable duration 412, and/or otherwisemodifying speech output from system 100 (e.g., via speaker 40). Speechrate 410 may, for example, be modified based on noise type parameters306, noise level parameters 304, and/or other information. Speech rate410 may, for example, be modified to decrease speech rate 410 of aprompt in high noise conditions (e.g., if noise level parameter 306 ishigh or another value). Decreasing speech rate 410 may, for example,increase intelligibility of spoken dialogue in a loud or high noiseenvironment (e.g., in a vehicle with loud vehicle related sounds).Speech rate 410 may, in some embodiments, be increased based on noisetype parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304 to increaseintelligibility of a spoken dialogue audio prompt output from system100.

According to some embodiments, prompt syllable duration 412 may, forexample, be modified based on noise type parameters 306, noise levelparameters 304, and/or other information. Prompt syllable duration 412may, for example, include the duration of pronunciation of consonants,vowel, and/or other syllables associated with human speech. Syllableduration 412 may, for example, be increased in proportion to, dependentupon, or in relation to noise level parameters 304. For example,syllable duration 412 may be increased (e.g., duration of syllablepronunciation may be longer) in relation to an increase in vehiclerelated sounds (e.g., engine noise, HVAC system noise, wind noise andother sounds) represented by noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304.

In some embodiments, a combination of text to speech 218, audioprocessing 220, and/or other types speech prompting or audio output maybe modified. Modification module 224 may, for example, use Lombard styleor other speech modification. Lombard style modification may model humanspeech modification or compensation in a loud environment, environmentwith high background noise, or other high noise level environment.Lombard style modification may, for example, include any combination ofsignal 400 modification selected from the group including modifying theprompt signal spectrum 402, modifying the prompt signal pitch 406,modifying the prompt signal speech rate 410, and modifying the promptsignal syllable duration 412. Lombard style modification may, forexample, be dependent on noise type parameters 306, noise levelparameters 304, and other information. For example, noise typeparameters 306 of wind (e.g., noise_type=wind) and noise levelparameters 304 of high may be generated indicating high wind noise maybe present. Based on noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304, a predefined combination of prompt spectrum 402, promptpitch 406, prompt speech rate 410, prompt syllable duration 412, and/orother prompt parameters may be modified to increase intelligibility ofthe prompt. The predefined combination applied given a combination ofnoise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304 may, forexample, be determined during manufacturing, testing, an adaptation 320,or another process. The predefined combination may, for example, be thecombination which best increases the intelligibility, understandability,or clarity of spoken prompt.

According to some embodiments, prompt modification may be adapted 320 toimprove the clarity and/or intelligibility of prompts. The effectivenessor affect of prompt modification 224 associated with predefined noisetype parameters 306, noise level parameters 304, and other parametersmay be measured and adapted or changed based on the measurement. Theeffectiveness of prompt modification may, for example, be measured bymonitoring user or occupant response to modified prompts. For example, aprompt may be modified based on noise type parameters 306, noise levelparameters 304, and/or other parameters and occupant response to theprompt may be measured. For example, a prompt may elicit or request aresponse from an occupant. If the occupant does not respond to prompt,responds to the prompt in an unpredicted manner (e.g., provides aconfused response), or performs other actions, it may be determined thatprompt modification 224 could be adapted to improve the clarity ofprompts. In one example, prompt modification 224 may, for example, beadapted by disabling prompt modification 224. For example, if it isdetermined that prompt modification 224 does not improve the clarity orintelligibility of speech prompting, prompt modification 224 (e.g.,prompt modification module) may be disabled or deactivated. In oneexample, prompt modification 224 may be modified by altering promptmodification parameters (e.g., spectrum, pitch, speech rate, syllableduration, and/or other prompt modification parameters). For example,prompt spectrum 402 modification parameters may be adapted or changed toimprove the clarity of spoken prompts. Prompt spectrum 402 modificationparameters may, for example, be adapted to strengthen or enhance promptsignal 400 in a different part of the prompt spectrum 402. Otheradaptation methods may be used.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a spoken dialogue control system accordingto embodiments of the present invention. According to some embodiments,dialogue control 210 or other systems or processes associated withspoken dialogue system 100 may be modified or altered 224 based on noisetype parameters 304, noise level parameters 306, and/or otherparameters.

Dialogue control acts 500 may be modified 224 based on interferenceprofile records 180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306, noise levelparameters 304, and/or other parameters). Dialogue control acts 500 may,for example, be operations performed by dialogue control 210 module andmay include prompts output to a user, actions related to determinationof input or output, or other operations. Dialogue control acts 500 mayfor example include clarification acts 502, reducing semanticinterpreter confidence levels 504, and other processes or operations.Dialogue control acts 500 may, for example, be modified based oninterference profile records 180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306, noiselevel parameters 304, and/or other parameters) by implementingclarification acts 502. Clarification acts 502 may, for example, beimplemented or imposed if noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304 indicate high noise may be present in proximity tovehicle 10 (e.g., in vehicle cabin).

According to some embodiments, clarification acts 502 may includeexplicit confirmation of user input, audio prompting or asking a user torepeat input, or otherwise prompting a user to clarify input. An audioprompt 508 requesting explicit confirmation of user input may, forexample, be output (e.g., using speaker 40). For example, a user may ask(e.g., input speech to spoken dialogue system requesting information)spoken dialogue to find a restaurant (e.g., “Where is the closestrestaurant?”). If noise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters304 indicate high levels or noise (e.g., high levels of vehicle relatednoise or sounds) are present, spoken dialogue module 210 may, forexample, output a prompt requesting confirmation of user's statement. Anaudio prompt 508 may, for example, be output asking user to confirm thatuser is looking for a restaurant (e.g. “did you say ‘where is theclosest restaurant?’”). If noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304 indicate background noise may be present, prompts 508 maybe output requesting explicit confirmation of user input each time auser provides input, when user input is unintelligible, or at othertimes. Other clarification acts and prompts may be used.

According to some embodiments, clarification acts 502 may include askingor requesting a user to repeat input. Dialogue control module 210 may,for example, output a prompt requesting a user to repeat their input.If, for example, user asks spoken dialogue system 100 to find theclosest hotel (e.g., “where is the closest hotel?”) and noise typeparameters 306 and/or noise level parameters 304 indicate high noiselevels may occur (e.g., noise_level=high), a prompt may be outputrequesting that user repeat their input. A prompt 508 may, for example,be output asking user to repeat their statement (e.g., “please repeat”,“I didn't hear that, please say that again”, or other requests forrepetition). If noise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304indicate background noise may be present, a prompt 508 may be outputrequesting user to repeat their input each time user provides input,when user input is unintelligible, or at other times. Otherclarification acts 502 may be used.

According to some embodiments, clarification acts 502 may be encouragedand/or the likelihood of clarification acts 502 may be increased byaltering semantic interpreter confidence levels 504 (e.g., by reducingconfidence levels 504 or otherwise altering confidence levels 504).Confidence levels 504 may be altered or modified based on noise typeparameters 306 and noise level parameters 304. Confidence levels 504may, for example, represent the likelihood or certainty that a wordstring, phrase, or other spoken input (e.g., “find me a hotel”) from auser matches or corresponds to a dialogue act (e.g., inform(type=hotel))in spoken dialogue system ontology 170. A confidence level 504 may, forexample, be a percentage, numerical value, or other parameterrepresenting a confidence, likelihood, or probability that a word stringmatches a dialogue act in spoken dialogue system ontology 170. Aconfidence level 504 may, for example, be associated with a dialogue actgenerated by semantic interpreter 206. Dialogue acts and associatedconfidence levels 504 may, for example, be output from semanticinterpreter 206 to dialogue control module 210. Dialogue control module210 may, for example, based on dialogue acts and associated confidencelevels 504 generate a response to be output to user. If, for example,confidence level 504 is below a threshold confidence level 506, dialoguecontrol module 504 may implement clarification acts 502 (e.g.,requesting explicit confirmation of user input, requesting user torepeat input, and other clarification acts). If confidence level 504associated with a dialogue act is above a threshold confidence level506, the dialogue act may be deemed to be a correct interpretation ofuser's input (e.g., user's spoken dialogue converted into a word string)and dialogue control module 210 may, for example, generate a response,perform an action, or otherwise respond to the dialogue act.

According to some embodiments, confidence levels 504 output fromsemantic interpreter 206 may, for example, be modified or reduced basedon noise type parameters 306, noise level parameters 304, and/or otherinformation. For example, if noise level parameters 304 indicate vehiclerelated noise above a predefined threshold may be present (e.g.,noise_level=medium, noise_level=high, or other noise_level value),confidence levels 504 output from semantic interpreter may be reduced.In some embodiments, a confidence level 504 may, for example, be reducedfrom ninety percent (e.g., 90%) to, for example, eighty percent (e.g.,80%) or another value if noise type parameters 306 and/or noise levelparameters 304 indicate moderate to high noise levels may occur invehicle 10 (e.g., in vehicle passenger compartment). Other confidencelevels 504 may be used.

Reduction in confidence levels 504 may, for example, be non-linear.Confidence levels 504 above a predefined boundary confidence level may,for example, not be reduced or altered regardless of whether noise typeparameters 306 and/or noise level parameters 304 indicate backgroundnoise may be present. For example, confidence levels 504 (e.g.,associated with dialogue acts) above a boundary threshold (e.g.,ninety-five percent or another value) may not be altered or reducedwhile confidence levels 504 below a boundary threshold (e.g.,ninety-five percent or another value) may be reduced. Other boundarythresholds may be used.

According to some embodiments, modification of dialogue control acts 500given interference profile records (e.g., noise type parameters 306,noise level parameters 304, and other information) may be adapted 320.Modification 224 of dialogue control acts 500 (e.g., implementingclarification acts 502, reducing confidence levels 504, and othermodifications) may, for example, be adapted by measuring correlationsbetween noise type parameters 306 and/or noise level parameters 304 anddialogue control 210 success or functionality. An optimal modificationof dialogue control 210 for a given interference profile record 180 may,for example, be determined in an adaptation process 320. An optimalmodification of dialogue control for a given interference profile record180 may be the modification which is least cumbersome to a user and/orbest improves system 100 functionality. For example, noise typeparameters 306 and noise level parameters 304 may indicate that highwind noise may be present and semantic interpreter confidence levels 504may be modified 224 based on the noise type parameters 306 and noiselevel parameters 304. Dialogue control 210 function (e.g., success ofdialogue control 210 or dialogue control 210 success) with modifiedconfidence levels 504 may be measured. Dialogue control 210 function orsuccess may, for example, be measured based on whether dialogue control210 outputs an appropriate response to user input. For example, if userinputs a request for the location of the closest gas station (e.g.,“where is the closest gas station?”), a dialogue control 210 responselisting gas stations would be deemed a dialogue success while an offtopic audio prompt 508 (e.g., “the closest restaurants are restaurant Aand restaurant B”) output from dialogue control 210 would not beconsidered a success. Other success measurement approaches may be used.Based on the measurement of dialogue control 210 function or success,dialogue control acts 500 given interference profile records 180 mayadapted to improve the function of dialogue control 210 system. Forexample, adaptation 320 may determine that clarification acts 502 (e.g.,explicit confirmation of user input, asking for user to repeat input)are more effective than reducing semantic interpreter confidence levels504 when noise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304indicate high wind noise may be present. For example, adaptation 320 maydetermine that reducing confidence levels 504 (e.g., by a predeterminedconfidence level reduction parameter or amount) is the most effectiveand least cumbersome for the user when noise type parameters 306 andnoise level parameters 304 indicate high engine noise may be present.Modification 224 of dialogue control acts 500 (e.g., implementingclarification acts 502, reducing confidence levels 504, and othermodifications) may, for example, be adapted to use the most effectiveand least cumbersome dialogue control acts 500 given a set of noise typeparameters 306 and noise level parameters 304.

According to some embodiments, audio prompts 508 may be introducedand/or modified based on interference profile records 180 (e.g., noisetype parameters 306, noise level parameters 304, and other information).Prompts 508 may, for example, include information output from system 100and may be generated by dialogue control module 210 in response to userinput. Prompts 508 may typically be output from system 100 in responseto user input, to provide information to user, or for other functions.Prompts 508 may, in some embodiments, inform a user that spoken dialoguesystem 100 functions and/or performance may be reduced or changed due tohigh background noise. Prompts 508 may, for example, be generated basedon noise type parameters 306 and/or noise level parameters 304. Prompts508 may, for example, set a user's expectation of spoken dialogue system100 performance (e.g., that system 100 performance may be reduced),prepare a user for different interaction style (e.g., inform user thatsystem 100 may request user to clarify statements, repeat statements,and perform other functions), or otherwise inform a user that system 100performance may be altered in the presence of background noise. Noisetype parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304 may, for example,indicate high wind noise. Based on the noise type parameters 306 andnoise level parameters 304 indicating high wind noise, a prompt 508 maybe generated by dialogue control module 210 and output to user (e.g.,using speakers 40). Prompt 508 may, for example, set user expectationsof system 100 performance with high wind noise. Prompt 508 may, forexample, be “please note that voice recognition with windows open athigh speed is difficult” or another prompt 508. Based on prompt 508,user may consider closing vehicle window(s) to improve system 100performance. In some embodiments, prompt 508 may based on noise typeparameters 306 and noise level parameters 304 prepare a user for adifferent spoken dialogue interaction style. Prompt 508 may, forexample, be “voice recognition is difficult, I may ask for moreclarifications, bear with me, where would you like to go?” or anotherprompt. Based on prompt 508, user's expectations may be managed and usermay, for example, be prepared or pre-warned that system 100 may outputmore clarification acts 502 (e.g., requests for clarification, repeat,and other clarifications) and/or system 100 functions may be modified(e.g., to compensate for high levels of background noise).

According to some embodiments, the pace and/or timing of prompts 508 maybe modified or controlled based on interference profile records 180(e.g., noise type parameters 306, noise level parameters 304, and otherinformation). The timing of prompt 508 output may, for example, bemodified or delayed to output prompt 508 to user at a time when lowerbackground noise (e.g., vehicle related sounds) may be present invehicle 10. For example, noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304 may indicate high engine noise may be present in vehicle(e.g., noise_type=engine and noise_level=high). Noise type parameters306 and noise level parameters 304 of high engine noise may, forexample, indicate that engine RPM may be high (e.g., driver may beaccelerating vehicle 10). Based on noise type parameters 306 and noiselevel parameters 304 indicating high engine noise, dialogue control 210may delay prompt 508 output. Dialogue control 210 may, for example,delay a prompt 508 output until noise level parameters 304 indicateengine noise may be reduced. Dialogue control 210 may, in someembodiments, delay a prompt 508 output for a predetermined period oftime. The predetermined period of time may, for example, be a typical oraverage amount of time for vehicle acceleration, may be based on typicaldriver characteristics (e.g., typical acceleration times), or may beanother time period. A typical or average acceleration time may, forexample, be determined during vehicle testing, manufacturing, or duringa spoken dialogue adaptation process 320.

According to some embodiments, dialogue style 514 may be modified toalter or reduce grammar perplexity 510 or based on interference profilerecords 180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306, noise level parameters304, and/or other information). Grammar perplexity 510 may, for example,be the complexity of speech recognition grammar used by speechrecognition module or device 204 at a given time. Dialogue controlmodule 210 may, for example, determine grammar perplexity based oninterference profile records 180. Grammar perplexity 510 may, forexample, be reduced or modified by performing single slot recognition,enforcing exact phrasing, avoiding mixed initiative, and/or using othertechniques or approaches. Grammar perplexity 510 may, for example, bereduced or altered based on noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304. For example, noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304 may indicate that high wind noise (e.g., noise_type=wind,noise_level=high) may be present. Based on noise type parameters 306 andnoise level parameters 304 indicating high wind noise, dialogue control210 may reduce grammar perplexity 510 by performing single slotrecognition, enforcing exact phrasing, avoiding mixed initiative, and/orperforming other actions.

Single slot recognition may, for example, reduce grammar perplexity 510by reducing or modifying complex prompts requesting multiple slots ortypes of information into multiple simpler audio prompts requesting areduced number of or single slots of information. For example, a complexprompt of “what music would you like to hear?” may be modified orreduced to multiple single slot prompts of “please enter song title”followed by “please enter the artist” and/or other prompts. Otherprompts related to other topics may of course be used.

In some embodiments, dialogue style 514 may be modified to reducegrammar perplexity 510 by enforcing exact phrasing from a user (e.g.,vehicle occupant(s)). Exact phrasing from a user may be enforced byprompting a user to provide exact responses rather than generalresponses. For example, a prompt 508 of “Which service would like?”,which may elicit many different responses from a user may be modified tobe prompt 508 of “please say one of a. music, b. directions, c. climatecontrol”, which may elicit specific or exact phrasing from a user. Ifnoise type parameters 306 and/or noise level parameters 304 indicatehigh levels of noise (e.g., wind, engine, HVAC system, audio playback orother noise) may be present in vehicle, dialogue control module 210 mayenforce exact phrasing from a user. Other prompts related to othertopics may of course be used.

In some embodiments, dialogue style 514 may be modified to reducegrammar perplexity 510 by reducing mixed initiative dialogue style 514.Mixed initiative dialogue style 514 may, for example, allow a user torespond to a question which they were not asked. Mixed initiative may,for example, be disabled or deactivated to reduce grammar perplexity 510if noise type parameters 306 and/or noise level parameters 304 indicatenoise levels above a threshold may be present. For example, dialoguecontrol 210 may output a prompt requesting a type of information (e.g.,“what type of hotel are you looking for?”), and mixed initiative mayallow a user to provide an off topic response (e.g., “where is theclosest restaurant?”). Other prompts 508 related to other topics may beused. Disabling mixed initiative may, for example, require a user torespond to a question asked not allowing user to change conversationtopic. If a user provides an off topic response to a question, dialoguecontrol module 210 may request that user response respond to thequestion asked.

According to some embodiments, modification of dialogue style 514 giveninterference profile records 180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306, noiselevel parameters 304, and other parameters or information) may beadapted 320. Modification 224 of dialogue style 514 (e.g., alteringgrammar perplexity 510 or other dialogue style modifications) may, forexample, be adapted by measuring correlations between modification ofdialogue style 514 based on interference profile records 180 (e.g.,noise type parameters 306 and/or noise level parameters 304) anddialogue control 210 success or functionality. An optimal modificationof dialogue style 514 or grammar perplexity 510 reduction approach(e.g., single slot recognition, enforcing exact phrasing, avoiding mixedinitiative, or other grammar perplexity reduction approach) for a giveninterference profile record 180 may be determined. The optimalmodification of dialogue style 514 for a given interference profilerecord 180 may be the modification which is least cumbersome to a user,most improves system 100 functionality, and/or results in dialoguesuccess. An optimal modification of dialogue style 514 may, for example,be determined by measuring dialogue control 210 success with and withoutmodification of dialogue style 514 or grammar perplexity 510. Measureddialogue control success associated with different types of modificationof dialogue style 514 or grammar perplexity 510 may be compared todetermine a modification of dialogue style 514 or grammar perplexity510, which most improves dialogue control success. For example,interference profile records 180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306 andnoise level parameters 304) may indicate that high HVAC related noisemay be present and grammar perplexity 510 may be reduced or modified 224based on the interference profile records 180. Grammar perplexity 510may, for example, be reduced by modifying dialogue style 514 to enforceexact phrasing (e.g., prompting a user to choose from a list of options(e.g., “Please say one of a. music, b. directions, or c. gas” instead of“which service would you like?”)). Dialogue control 210 success (e.g.,success of dialogue control system 210) with enforcement of exactphrasing (e.g., reduced grammar perplexity 510) may be measured.Dialogue control 210 function or success may, for example, be measuredbased on whether a user completes a dialogue action (e.g., responding toa prompt) correctly, whether user achieves a positive dialogue result(e.g., user finds what they are looking for), or based on other metricsor parameters. Dialogue control 210 success (e.g., success of dialoguecontrol system 210) with enforcement of exact phrasing (e.g., reducedgrammar perplexity 510) may be compared to dialogue control 210 successwithout exact phrasing or dialogue control success 210 with another typeof modification of dialogue style 514 or grammar perplexity 510. Forexample, it may be determined that a type of dialogue style 514modification to reduce grammar perplexity 510 (e.g., single slotrecognition) based on certain interference profile records 180 (e.g.,noise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304) may result inreduced dialogue control success or be less successful than another typeof dialogue style 514 modification and/or no modification to reducegrammar perplexity 510. Based on the determination that a type ofdialogue style 514 modification given certain interference profilerecords 180 may be less successful or unsuccessful in increasingdialogue success, the type of dialogue style 514 modification may, forexample, be disabled, adapted, and/or replaced by a different type ofdialogue style 514 modification. For example, adaptation 320 maydetermine that reducing grammar perplexity 510 by enforcing exactphrasing may be more effective than avoiding mixed initiative when noisetype parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304 indicate high HVACnoise or other vehicle relate noise may be present. For example,adaptation 320 may determine that reducing grammar perplexity 510 byenforcing exact phrasing may be the most effective and least cumbersomefor the user when noise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters304 indicate high HVAC noise may be present.

According to some embodiments, dialogue control 210 may, based oninterference profile records 180 (e.g., noise level parameters 304,noise type parameters 306, and other information), monitor (e.g., listenfor) and respond to user confusion 516. If noise type parameters 306 andnoise level parameters 304 indicate high noise levels may be present inor around vehicle 10, dialogue control 210 may, for example, be modifiedto monitor or listen for and respond to user confusion 516. In order tomonitor and respond to user confusion 516, dialogue control 210 may, forexample, be modified to identify clarification requests input from user.Clarification requests (e.g., spoken by a user) may, for example,include phrases such as “repeat,” “I can't hear you,” “repeat thisprompt,” “it's not clear,” “what's that?”, or other phrases.Clarification requests from a user may, for example, be responded to bydialogue control 210. Dialog control 210 may, for example, respond toclarification requests from a user by repeating the last prompt output,rephrasing the last prompt, or performing other actions. A prompt 508(e.g., “the closest restaurant is ABC diner” or another prompt) may, forexample, be rephrased by changing the order of phrases in prompt 508(e.g., “ABC is the nearest restaurant”). Other prompts may be used.

According to some embodiments, multi-modal, multi-function, or othertype of dialogue may be modified based on interference profile records180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306, noise level parameters 304, and/orother information). Multi-modal dialogue 512 may, for example, includespoken dialogue combined with tactile, visual, or other dialogue.Multi-modal dialogue 512 may, for example, include spoken dialogue audioprompts requesting user to input information into a tactile device(e.g., input device 44 or another device). Other types of multi-modaldialogue 512 may be used.

In some embodiments, if noise type parameters 306 and noise levelparameters 304 indicate high levels of noise may be present in or aroundvehicle 10, multi-modal dialogue 512 may, for example, be modified byreverting to or favoring visual display over speech prompting, byreverting to or switching to visual display of system hypotheses (e.g.,questions, requests for information, and other prompts), prompting orrequesting tactile confirmation from a user (e.g., select response fromlist of responses displayed on touchscreen or other output device),encouraging use of tactile modality (e.g., reduce confidence of thesemantic interpreter), switching from speech to other modalities for asubset of application functions (e.g., simple command and control bytactile means), or other modifications.

Based on noise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304,dialogue control module 210 may, for example, revert to visual displayof system hypotheses by displaying questions, requests for information,and other types of prompts on an output device 42 (e.g., a displayscreen). Tactile confirmation may, for example, be requested from auser. Dialogue control 210 may, for example, request that user confirmresponses to dialogue prompts 508 (e.g., spoken dialogue prompts) orother information output from system 100 using a tactile device, inputdevice 44 (e.g., keyboard, touchscreen, or other input device), and/orother device. System 100 may, for example, output a statement “pleaseconfirm that you said hotel by entering yes” using speaker 40, outputdevice 42, or other device, and user may provide tactile confirmation byentering a response (e.g., pressing a button, entering “yes” or otherresponse) into an input device 44 or other device. Dialogue controlmodule 210 may, in some embodiments, request that a user select aresponse from a list of options. For example, system 100 may prompt userto select an option from a list of options using a tactile device, inputdevice 44 (e.g., keyboard, touchscreen, or other input device), and/orother device. System 100 may, for example, output a prompt “pleasechoose a category: hotels, restaurants, or gas stations on touchscreen”and user may respond to the prompt by entering choosing an option (e.g.,hotels, restaurants, or gas stations) on a tactile device, input device44, and/or other device.

According to some embodiments, modification module 224 may, for example,encourage or increase use of tactile dialogue by altering semanticinterpreter confidence levels 504. If, for example, a confidence level504 is below a threshold confidence level 506, dialogue control module504 may request tactile confirmation, tactile selection, or other typeof input from user. If confidence level 504 associated with a dialogueact is above a threshold confidence level 506, the dialogue act may bedeemed to be a correct interpretation of user's input, and system 100may use speech based dialogue control (e.g., system 100 may not requesttactile confirmation, tactile selection, or other type of input fromuser). Confidence levels 504 may, for example, be reduced based oninterference profile records 180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306, noiselevel parameters 304, or other information). For example, ifinterference profile records 180 (e.g., noise level parameter 304)indicates vehicle noise related noise above a predefined threshold maybe present (e.g., noise_level=medium, noise_level=high, or othernoise_level value), confidence levels 504 output from semanticinterpreter may be reduced. A confidence level 504 may, for example, bea continuous value (e.g., between 0% and 100% or another range ofvalues) related to or depending on a certainty in speech recognition.Confidence levels 504 may, for example, be altered (e.g., reduced orincreased) from a first confidence level value to a second confidencelevel value (e.g., a confidence level value less than a first confidencelevel value) based on interference profile records 180. Confidencelevels 504 may, for example, be altered (e.g., reduced or increased)according to function (e.g., a continuous function). A confidence level504 may, for example, be ninety-five percent (e.g., 95%) or any othervalue if noise level parameter 304 indicates zero or low backgroundnoise (e.g., noise level parameter=low). A confidence level 504 may, forexample, be reduced from a first value (e.g., ninety-five percent oranother value) to, for example, a second value (e.g., eighty percent oranother value), which may, for example, be less than a first value ifinterference profile records 180 indicate moderate to high noise levelsmay occur in vehicle 10 (e.g., in vehicle passenger compartment).Reducing confidence levels 504 if interference profile records 180(e.g., noise type parameters 306 and/or noise level parameters 304)indicate high background noise may increase likelihood that dialoguecontrol 210 may request tactile confirmation, selection or other tactileinput from user.

According to some embodiments, multi-modal dialogue may be modified 224by switching from speech to other modalities (e.g., tactile input,visual output, and/or other modalities) for a subset of system 100functions (e.g., predefined back-end application 212 functions). Basedon noise type parameters 306, noise level parameters 304, and/or otherinformation, one or more back-end applications 212 may be switched fromspeech based modality to non-speech speech modalities (e.g., tactile orother modalities). Other back-end applications 212 may, for example, notbe switched to non-speech modalities (e.g., control and/or command mayremain speech based). For example, if noise type parameters 306 andnoise level parameters 304 indicate high engine noise (e.g.,noise_type=engine, noise_level=high), predefined back-end application212 (e.g., radio, map, voice search, or other back-end application)functionality (e.g., control and command) may be switched from speechbased to tactile based control (e.g., using input device 44) while otherback-end applications 212 may not be switched from speech to tactilebased control. For example, if sound type parameters 306 and/or soundlevel parameters 304 indicate background noise, voice search and/orother background application(s) 212 may be disabled (e.g., locked out),and speech based radio control and/or other background applications 212may not be disabled (e.g., may remain active). Which back-endapplications 212 are switched to other modalities (e.g., tactile inputor other mode of input) or deactivated if sound type parameters 306and/or sound level parameters 304 indicate background noise may, forexample, be determined during vehicle testing, manufacturing, or duringadaptation 320.

According to some embodiments, modification of multi-modal dialogue 512given interference profile records 180 (e.g., noise type parameters 306,noise level parameters 304, and other information) may be adapted 320.Modification 224 of multi-modal dialogue 512 (e.g., reverting to visualdisplay, requesting tactile confirmation, encouraging use of tactilemodalities, switching from speech to other modalities for a subset ofapplication functions and/or other modifications) may, for example, beadapted 320 by measuring correlations between noise type parameters 306and/or noise level parameters 304 and dialogue control 210 success orfunctionality. Adaptation 320 may, for example, determine the optimalmodification of multi-modal dialogue 512 (e.g., reverting to visualdisplay, requesting tactile confirmation, encouraging use of tactilemodalities, switching from speech to other modalities for a subset ofapplication functions and/or other modifications) for a giveninterference profile record 180. The optimal modification of dialoguestyle 514 for a given interference profile record 180 may be themodification which is least cumbersome to a user and/or best improvessystem 100 functionality. Adaptation 320 of multi-modal dialogue 512modification policies or approaches may be similar to adaptation ofdialogue style 514 modification policies, adaptation of dialogue controlacts 500, and other adaptation 320 processes or approaches.

In some embodiments, all types of modification 224 of dialogue control210 operations based on noise type profiles 306 and noise level profiles304 may be adapted 320. Types of modification 224, as discussed herein,may include modification of dialogue control acts 500, introduction ofaudio prompts 508, modification of prompts 508, modification of dialoguestyle 514 (e.g., to reduce grammar perplexity 510), monitoring andresponding to user confusion 516, modification of multi-modal dialogue512, modification of back-end application 212 functions, and/or othertypes of modification 224. The correlation between dialogue success andmodification of dialogue control 210 based on noise type parameters 306and/or noise level parameters 304 may be measured, evaluated, orcalculated. The success of a type of dialogue control 210 modification224 may, for example, be measured or evaluated by determining whether auser provides predictable responses to dialogue control prompts 508(e.g., whether user responses are on or off topic), whether userprovides any response to prompts 508, or using other approaches. Basedon the measured dialogue control success, modification of dialoguecontrol 210 processes and operations may be adapted by deactivating,disabling, altering or switching types of dialogue control modification224, or otherwise altering dialogue control modification 224. Dialoguecontrol modification 224 operations may be altered by, for example,changing the parameters associated with a type modification 210 givennoise type parameters 306 and noise level parameters 304. For example,semantic interpreter confidence levels 504 may be altered, parametersrelated to pace and timing of prompts 508 may be altered, and otherparameters may be altered or adapted to improve dialogue control 210success. Other parameters and operations may be adapted or changed.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method according to embodiments of thepresent invention. In operation 600, sound related vehicle information(e.g., sound related vehicle information 160 of FIG. 2, or signals orinformation related to the operation of vehicle systems producing orcausing sound) representing or corresponding to one or more sounds maybe received in the processor (e.g., interference profiling module 222 ofFIG. 3). The sound related vehicle information may in some embodimentsnot include an audio signal. Interference profiling module 222 may, forexample, be implemented all or in part by processor 110.

In operation 610, interference profile records (e.g., interferenceprofile records 180 of FIG. 2) may be determined based on the soundrelated vehicle information. The interference profile records mayinclude noise type parameters (e.g., noise type parameters 306 of FIG.6), noise level parameters (e.g., noise level parameters 304 of FIG.6)), and/or other parameters. The interference profile records may, forexample, be determined using a logical operation or other mathematicaloperations based on multiple types of sound related vehicle information.The interference profile records may, in some embodiments, be determinedby quantizing sound related vehicle information (e.g., vehicle engineRPM information).

In operation 620, spoken dialogue (e.g., in dialogue control 210 of FIG.3 and/or dialogue control 210 of FIG. 6) of a spoken dialogue system(e.g., system 100 of FIG. 2) associated with the vehicle may be modifiedbased on the sound related vehicle information and/or the interferenceprofile records. Spoken dialogue may, for example, be modified byimposing clarification acts (e.g., clarification acts 502 of FIG. 6),determining and outputting introductory prompts (e.g., prompts 508 ofFIG. 6), modifying pace and timing of prompts, modifying dialogue style(e.g., dialogue style 514 of FIG. 6) to reduce grammar perplexity (e.g.,grammar perplexity 510 of FIG. 6), monitoring and responding to userconfusion (e.g., user confusion 516 of FIG. 6), modifying multi-modaldialogue (e.g., multi-modal dialogue 512 of FIG. 6), and/or using otherspoken dialogue modification approaches.

Other or different series of operations may be used.

Embodiments of the present invention may include apparatuses forperforming the operations described herein. Such apparatuses may bespecially constructed for the desired purposes, or may comprisecomputers or processors selectively activated or reconfigured by acomputer program stored in the computers. Such computer programs may bestored in a computer-readable or processor-readable non-transitorystorage medium, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks,CD-ROMs, magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), randomaccess memories (RAMs) electrically programmable read-only memories(EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read only memories(EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of mediasuitable for storing electronic instructions. It will be appreciatedthat a variety of programming languages may be used to implement theteachings of the invention as described herein. Embodiments of theinvention may include an article such as a non-transitory computer orprocessor readable non-transitory storage medium, such as for example amemory, a disk drive, or a USB flash memory encoding, including orstoring instructions, e.g., computer-executable instructions, which whenexecuted by a processor or controller, cause the processor or controllerto carry out methods disclosed herein. The instructions may cause theprocessor or controller to execute processes that carry out methodsdisclosed herein.

Different embodiments are disclosed herein. Features of certainembodiments may be combined with features of other embodiments; thuscertain embodiments may be combinations of features of multipleembodiments. The foregoing description of the embodiments of theinvention has been presented for the purposes of illustration anddescription. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise form disclosed. It should be appreciated bypersons skilled in the art that many modifications, variations,substitutions, changes, and equivalents are possible in light of theabove teaching. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appendedclaims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fallwithin the true spirit of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, in a processorassociated with a vehicle, sound related vehicle informationrepresenting one or more sounds, the sound related vehicle informationmeasured an exterior microphone located exterior to a cabin of thevehicle; and modifying spoken dialogue of a spoken dialogue systemassociated with the vehicle based on the sound related vehicleinformation; comprising determining interference profile records basedon the sound related vehicle information; wherein modifying spokendialogue of the spoken dialogue system associated with the vehicle basedon the sound related vehicle information comprises: modifying pace andtiming and pitch of audio prompts based on the interference profilerecords; and outputting the modified audio prompts.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein modifying spoken dialogue of the spoken dialogue systemassociated with the vehicle based on the sound related vehicleinformation comprises: determining introductory audio prompts based onthe interference profile records; and outputting the introductory audioprompts to a user.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying spokendialogue of the spoken dialogue system associated with the vehicle basedon the sound related vehicle information comprises: modifying dialoguestyle to reduce grammar perplexity based on the interference profilerecords.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying spoken dialogue ofthe spoken dialogue system associated with the vehicle based on thesound related vehicle information comprises: monitoring user confusion;and outputting audio prompts responding to the user confusion.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein modifying spoken dialogue of the spokendialogue system associated with the vehicle based on the sound relatedvehicle information comprises: modifying multi-modal dialogue based onthe interference profile records.
 6. The method of claim 1, comprising:measuring a success of modifying the spoken dialogue based on the soundrelated vehicle information in increasing dialogue success; and adaptingmodification of the spoken dialogue based on the measured success. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein the external microphone is located in anexterior location selected from a group consisting of: a vehicle body; avehicle bumper; a vehicle trunk; and a vehicle windshield.
 8. A systemfor a vehicle, the system comprising: a memory; an exterior microphonelocated exterior to a cabin of the vehicle for measuring sound-relatedinformation, a processor associated with the vehicle to: receive, in theprocessor associated with the vehicle, sound related vehicle informationrepresenting one or more sounds measured by the exterior microphone; andmodify spoken dialogue of a spoken dialogue system associated with thevehicle based on the sound related vehicle information; wherein theprocessor is to determine interference profile records based on thesound related vehicle information; wherein to modify spoken dialogue ofthe spoken dialogue system associated with the vehicle based on thesound related vehicle information the processor is to: modify pace andtiming and pitch of audio prompts based on the interference profilerecords; and output the modified audio prompts.
 9. The system of claim8, wherein to modify spoken dialogue of the spoken dialogue systemassociated with the vehicle based on the sound related vehicleinformation the processor is to: determine introductory audio promptsbased on the interference profile records; and output the introductoryaudio prompts to a user.
 10. The system of claim 8, wherein to modifyspoken dialogue of the spoken dialogue system associated with thevehicle based on the sound related vehicle information the processor isto: modify dialogue style to reduce grammar perplexity based on theinterference profile records; and output modified prompts.
 11. Thesystem of claim 8, wherein to modify spoken dialogue of the spokendialogue system associated with the vehicle based on the sound relatedvehicle information the processor is to: monitor user confusion; andoutput audio prompts responding to the user confusion.
 12. The system ofclaim 8, wherein to modify spoken dialogue of the spoken dialogue systemassociated with the vehicle based on the sound related vehicleinformation the processor is to: modify multi-modal dialogue based onthe interference profile records.
 13. The system of claim 8, wherein theprocessor is to: measure a success of the spoken dialogue modificationbased on the sound related vehicle information in increasing dialoguesuccess; and adapt the spoken dialogue modification based on themeasured success.
 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the externalmicrophone is located in an exterior location selected from a groupconsisting of: a vehicle body; a vehicle bumper; a vehicle trunk; and avehicle windshield.
 15. A method comprising: receiving, at a controllerassociated with a spoken dialogue system, information related to theoperation of vehicle systems causing sound and measured by an exteriormicrophone located exterior to a vehicle cabin; calculating interferenceprofile records based on the information, the interference profilerecords representing noise types and noise levels; and altering dialoguecontrol based on the interference profile records; wherein alteringdialogue control based on the interference profile records comprises:delaying and modifying pitch, pace and timing of an audio prompt outputfrom the spoken dialogue system based on the interference profilerecords.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein altering dialogue controlbased on the interference profile records comprises reducing confidencelevels associated with a semantic interpreter.
 17. The method of claim15, wherein altering dialogue control based on the interference profilerecords comprises modifying a backend application associated the spokendialogue system based on the interference profile records.
 18. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the external microphone is located in anexterior location selected from a group consisting of: a vehicle body; avehicle bumper; a vehicle trunk; and a vehicle windshield.